钉子还是苍蝇？
一位视力正在衰退的老绅士住进了一家旅馆的客房。他双手各拿一瓶酒。在墙上有只苍蝇，他误以为是枚钉子。他把两只瓶子朝上一挂，瓶子掉下来摔碎了，酒洒了一地。一个女服务员发现发生的事情以后，对他深表同情，决定帮他个忙。
于是，第二天早上他到楼顶花园散步时，她把一枚钉子钉在了苍蝇停过的地方。
这里，老人回到了房里。倒洒的酒味让他想起了那件事。他抬头往墙上一看，苍蝇又停在了那儿!他轻手轻脚地走近，使尽全力拍了一掌。听到一声大叫，好心的女服务员冲进房来。让她大为吃惊的是，可怜的老头正坐在地板上，牙关紧咬，右手滴血不止。
A Nail Or A Fly?
An old gentleman whose eyesight was failing came to stay in a hotel room with a bottle of wine in each hand. On the wall there was a fly which he took for a nail. So the moment he hung them on, the bottles fell broken and the wine spilt all over the floor. When a waitress discovered what had happened, she showed deep sympathy for him and decided to do him a favour.
So the next morning when he was out taking a walk in the roof garden, she hammered a nail exactly where the fly had stayed.
Now the old man entered his room. The smell of the spilt wine reminded him of the accident. When he looked up at the wall, he found the fly was there again! He walked to it carefully adn slapped it with all his strength. On hearing a loud cry, the kind-hearted waitress rushed in. To her great surprise, the poor old man was there sitting on the floor, his teeth clenched and his right hand bleeding!
2009年8月13日星期四
2008年11月5日星期三
ERP and the World Wide Web
E-Commerce Background
In the not-too-distant future,most companies will conduct at least part of their business operations through e-commerce,that is,on the Internet.When people think of e-commerce,they often think of retail e-commerce,typified by companies like Amazon.com.Most of the sales growth on the Internet,however,has benn in the area of business-to-business(B-to-B)e-commerce,rather than in retail business-to-business (B-to-C) e-commerce. Let’s look at B-to-C e-commerce,then at B-to-B e-commerce.
Business-to-Consume E-Commerce
There are many reasons why companies want to use e-commerce to sell their products to the public:
1.E-commerce is a good way to reach customers.By 2004 B-to-C e-commerce sales are ecpected to reach $180 billion.
2.Web transactions allow a company’s to use data-mining techniques to record and analyze information about its customers.With that information,a company can improve marketing,thus making more sales and increasing profit.For example,when a customer goes to Amazon.com,she is presented with product suggestions that are based on her previous purchases.
3.E-commerce allows companies to be more efficient,streamlining operations and lowering costs.Streamlining operations often begins with changing the way in which a company interacts with its customers.For example,instead of employing customer service agents to take telephone orders,customers can order directly from the Web,check their orders online,and ask questions via e-mail.As a result,customer service is enhanced and costs are lowered.
4.E-commerce provides customers with incentives to order.For some buyers,the incentive is convenience:Ordering is quick and easy—and it can even be done from home.Other buyers are attracted to unique services.For example,one company created a toy “wish list”during a holiday season.Parents and relatives could view a child’s online wish list and make their purchases directly from the list.Other companies offer a “digital dressing room”
5.On their site where customers can see clothes on figures shaped like their own.Still other companies offer”Web only”bargains.
6.The Web gives small companies access to huge markets that once were only available to large companies.Using Web-based commerce technology is rapidly becoming a necessity however,as competitors adopt the same practices.For example,offering online banking was once a competitive advantage,but now most banks offer the service as a competitive necessity.In fact,customers now expect sellers to be on the Internet.
Customers also use the Web to find better prices and better price information.Currently,some Web search enginers go out on the Internet and find the lowest price for a particular type of item.For example,Cnet.com provides this kind of price comparison for computers and peripherals.
Business-to-Business E-Commerce
Business-to-business e-commerce is defined as buying and selling between two companies over the World Wide Web.The companies might fie manufacturers,suppliers,wholesalers,or retailers.Estimates of B-to-B e-commerce sales are currently about $400 billion per year and are expecting to reach $7 trillion by 2004.
Business-to-business e-commerce is transforming how companies sell to each other.For example,auctions allow companies to buy raw materials at the lowest possible cost.These auctions are run like eBay.com,but they are specific to a particular industry.So,for example,when a company’s purchasing manager wants to buy sugar,she can go to an auction site—either for the food industry of a general”wholesale/retail only”auction site—and click on “food products.”
Electronic Data Interchange(EDI)
B-to-B is not new.Prior to the invention of the World Wide Web,companies electronically transferred purchase oredrs a system known as Electronic Data Interchange(EDI).EDI is an electronic computer-to-computer transfer of standard business documents.According to one study,EDI trading volume was nearly $3 trillion in 1999.
Companies can set up their own networks to communicate with their suppliers’ systems,or they might subscribe to a network run by an outside EDI service provider,a value-added network(VAN).When a company runs low on a specific raw material,it can order materials electronically.EDI should not be confused with a simple e-mail message that reads,”Dear Joe,please send us 5,000 widgets.” Rather,the message is sent on a standardized business transaction form,following a computer protocol in North America known as the ASNI X.12.
The benefits of EDI have been enormous:
1. Costs of paper,printing,and postage have almost disappeared from ordering systems.
2. Errors have been brought to a minimum because orders do not have to be rekeyed into a supplier’s system.
3. Ordering is fast and efficient. As a result,large companies have forced their smaller suppliers to use EDI,via a VAN if necessary.The supplier pays the VAN per amount of information sent and received.
Suppliers and buyers are “locked” into business relationships:Once a company sets up an EDI system with its supplier, it takes effort to change suppliers, and most do not, hence locking in the relationship.This is an advantage an long as both suppliers and buyers remain satisfied.
Internet-Based Procurement
Even though EDI has benn useful, companies are moving from EDI to Internet-based procurement for the following reasons:
1. The Internet is a lower-cost network than private EDI networks.
2. Purchasing costs are further reduced as suppliers compete for orders on the buyer’s Web site.
Thus, locking in suppliers is not the same and may not take place at all in Internet-based procurement.Suppliers that cannot compete on price may fail by the wayside, leaving the buyer with relationships with only viable suppliers.Here are three recent examples of this phenomenon:
1. In 2000 Ford Motor Company and General Motors announced that they are putting together an enormous Web site called a”B-to-B automotive exchange.” This venture is in conjunction with Commerce One and Oracle, which is providing the necessary software.Each company, along with its suppliers, can buy and sell automotive parts on this Web site.Purchasing auto parts will be fast and efficient,and auto manufacturers can maintain a low inventory.These savings could translate to more than 10% of the purchase price of a car. Other industries, in addition to the auto industry, are setting up exchanges.
ERP companies like SAP have also entered the B-to-B e-commerce market.SAP has proposed a joint effort with Statoil, the world’s second-largest supplier of crude off, to develop a vertical marketplace for oil and gas services.SAP’s mySAP.com supports exchanges in buying and selling raw materials with large companies like Statoil as partners.Statoil is linking with SAP and offering a Web site to find all types of equipment and services for the oil and gas industry. SAP hosts the marketplace,gas industry. Statoil expects large savings by using a single marketplace.Other companies are expected to use die marketplace as well. As the long-established oil and gas industry has matured, pricing has become highly competitive.Any product that makes the industry more efficient is welcomed.
2. The World Chemical Exchange allows companies to buy, sell, and trade chemicals at chemconnect.com.The Web site claims the following advantages:
A. Best prices without traditional negotiations
B. Faster contracts
C. Access to new world wide market and new wadding partners
D. Instant market information
Internet Autions and Reverse Auctions
B-to-B e-commerce also features online bidding through auctions and reverse auctions. In a standard auction, a company might ask for bids to supply it with goods, services, or even telecommunications capacity.Here’s how a reverse auction works.The company needs raw materials such as oats and wheat germ,which for FS are essentially commodities.The company can go to a “bidding” Web site and set up a program to run overnight.The program uses the Internet to solicit bids to supply those raw materials.In the morning,FS’s purchasing agent can choose the lowest price offered for the oats and wheat germ,
Internet-based auctions are changing the way in which commodities are purchased.A few years ago, commodities would have been purchased through a supplier, or middleman,who negotiated prices of raw materials with suppliers.Now,the Internet and its bidding programs have threatened the middleman’s role and made the buying process more efficient—in a sense,the Internet has become the middleman.Pricing is dynamic and open.
In fact, dynamic pricing is not only forcing out middlemen,but it is also putting pressure on sellers.Sellers must be nimble and flexible to participate in this Past-paced market.This requires a seller’s accounting and logistics operations to be in excellent shape before trying to sell in the auction market.
As a result of these market changes,companies are seeing efficiency gains through Internet buying and selling.For example,General Electric’s appliance division ha seen transaction costs drop to one tenth of what they were with telephone and fax orders.With 45% ofthe division’s sales on the Internet,that relates to a whopping $4 billion in cost savings and $3 billion in sales growth in 2000.
Tins success is not without a downside: No company(or government agency,for that matter) is totally immune to security breaches.In 1999 some large trading firms were shut down due to denial-of-service attacks hackers were bombarding the sites with so many messages,the site couldn’t handle the volume.Security is an ongoing effort.E-commerce commpanies use virus-scanning software,encrytion,intrusion detection,and other measures to protect their sites and privacy of customer data.
E-Commerce and ERP
You might ask yourself,what does e-commerce have to do with ERP? The answer is that each technology complements the other,and each is necessary for total success.Without e-commerce, a company cannot compete with companies offering similar goods.Without ERP, a company cannot fill Web orders expeditiously.Here’s why.
When a company receives an order through its Web site,the company can’t merely file or print orders for later handling,like e-mail updates and order tracking.The orders must be efficiently fed into the company’s marketing,manufacturing,shipping,and accounting systems---a series of steps sometimes called back-office processing.
An efficient back-office operation is crucial for any company’s success.E-commerce often exacerbates problems and reveals weaknesses in current hack-office systems.For example,Amazon.com invests its cash flow back into warehouses and other support that the company needs to keep its back office in order, so it can continue its success. Some Web-only businesses are frightened that companies like Wal-Mart will enter the Web market. Why? Because those companies already have well-established,integrated back-office and distribution systems.
Some companies with unintegrated information system have built Web sites before creating an integrated back-office system.As a result, those companies often can’t fill orders in a timely fashion, as was apparent with many e-commerce businesses during the 1999 holiday season. One large toy company announced less than a week before Christmas that it would not be able to fill all its Web orders.Surprisingly enough, all the toys were in the warehouse, but the company could’t organize basic functions---like picking,packing,and shipping—to get toys to consumers on time.So integrating the Internet front-office operation and the ERP back-office operation is fundamental in today’s business environment.
ERP和万维网
电子商务背景
在不远的将来，大多数公司的经营活动至少有一部分会以电子商务的形式开展，也就是说，通过网络。当人们想到电子商务的时候，他们经常想到的是零售业的电子商务，以Amazom.com网络书店为代表。然而，在因特网上大部分销售增长已经属于企业――企业（B-to-B）电子商务的范畴，而不是零售业的企业――消费者（B-to-C）形式的电子商务。让我们看看B-to-C电子商务，再关注B-to-B电子商务。
企业――消费者形式的电子商务
有很多理由解释公司想运用电子商务向公众销售产品的原因：
1. 电子商务是很好的与客户接触的方式。到2004年，B-to-C电子商务销售收入预计将达到1800亿美元。
2. 网络交易公司能够使用数据采掘技术以记录和分析客户信息。有了这些信息，公司可以改进市场营销活动，由此创造更大的销售量并增加收入。举例来说，当客户去Amazon.com时，她会收到产品建议，这些建议就是根据她以前的购买活动记录提出的。
3. 电子商务使公司更高效、简化经营并降低成本。而简化经营通常是以改变公司与客户的沟通方式开始的。举例来说，客户可以直接通过网络订货、在线查询订单状况、用电子邮件质询，而不是打电话给公司客户服务部的人员。由此改进了客户服务降低了成本。
4. 电子商务会鼓励客户消费。对于有些客户来说，这种激励来自于电子商务的便捷：订货快捷简单，甚至在家也可以完成订货。另一些客户则为别致的服务吸引。举例来说，一家公司在假期推出玩具“愿望单”。父母和亲属可以浏览孩子在网上写下的“愿望单”，直接按单上的玩具采购。其他公司在自己的网站上提供“数码更衣室”，客户可以看到屏幕上按她的身材显示的模特穿着的衣服的效果。还有其他公司提供“网上特有”的折扣价。
5. 网络使小公司也能够接触大市场，而以前，这些大市场通常只对大公司敞开。然而，随着竞争者采用了同样的策略，使用以网络技术为基础的电子商务成为每个市场主体的必不可少的手段。举例来说，提供在线银行服务曾经是一项富有竞争力的活动，但是现在，大多数银行都提供该种服务作为一项必要的服务。实际上，现在的客户希望卖方在网络上开展业务。
客户也使用网络发现更优惠的价格和更有价值的价格信息。目前，有些网站搜索引擎搜索网络来发展某一特定商品的量低价格。举例来说，Cnet.com就向计算机和期刊业提供这类的价格比较。
企业――企业形式的电子商务
B-to-B电子商务是指，两个公司间通过万维网进行的买卖活动。公司可以是制造商、供应商、批发商或零售商。目前估计B-to-B电子商务量每年达到4000亿美元，预计到2004年将达到70000亿美元。
B-to-B电子商务正在改变公司间交易的形式。举例来说，拍卖让公司能够以最低的价格购买原材料。这些拍卖活动可以在像eBay.com这类网站进行，但是他们都是面对特定的行业。举例说，当公司的采购经理需要购买糖时，她可以去拍卖网站，或者去食品行业的站点，或者一个一般的“批发/零售”拍卖网站，然后点击“食物产品”。
电子数据交换（EDI）
B-to-B并不是新鲜事物。在万维网出现之前，公司通过系统进行的采购订单电子化传输被为电子数据交换（EDI）。EDI是标准化商务文档通过计算机进行的电子化传输。一项研究表明，1992年EDI的贸易量将近30000亿美元。
公司可以构建自己的网络与其供应商的系统保持联系，或者他们可以订购一个由外部EDI服务供应商运行的网络，称为增值网络(VAN)。当公司缺乏某种原材料时，他可以在网络上订购原材料。而EDI并不会与下面的邮件相混淆，“亲爱的Joe，请发给我5000个开罐器”。相反，消息会按照标准的商务交易形式传输，遵循在北美被称为ASNIx。12的计算机协议。
EDI有很多好处：
1. 订单系统中几乎不再存在纸张、打印和邮寄费用。
2. 已经将错误降到最低水平，因为订单不再需要重新键入供应商的系统中。
3. 订货迅速高效。所以，大公司已经迫使他的小型供应商在必要的情况下通过VAN使用EDI。供应商需要向VAN支付收发每条信息的服务费用。
4. 供应商和买方被“锁定”在生意关系中：一旦公司与他的供应商构建了EDI系统，更换供应商就会花精力，大多数情况下是不会替换供应商的，由此，双方锁定在固定的生意关系中。只要供应商和买方之间互相满意，这种关系就是一种优势。
网上获取活动
即使EDI非常有用，公司还是通过EDI向网上获取活动发展，原因如下：
1. 因特网比私人EDI网络成本低。
2. 因为供应商在买方的网站上竞相推销产品，使得采购成本大大降低。
所以，供应商的锁定方式与在网上获取活动中并不相同，甚至不会发生。不能在价格上具有竞争力的供应商会败下阵来，买方只与令人满意的供应商保持联系。该现象目前有三个例子：
1.2000年福特汽车公司和通用汽车公司宣布他们联合组建了大型网站，称为“B-to-B汽车交易网”。该网站是Commerce One和Oracle通力合作的结果，两家公司提供必要的软件。两家公司和其供应商都可以在网站上买卖汽车零部件。这样，采购汽车零部件将变得更加快捷高效，汽车制造商因此也可以维持较低的存货水平。这些节省下来的费用可以占到一辆轿车购买价的10％，除了汽车行业，其他行业也在建立这样的交易方式。
2.像SAP这样的ERP公司已经进入了B-to-B电子商务市场。SAP已经拟与Statoil，世界第二大原油供应商，合作开发石油和天然气的垂直交易场所。SAP的mySAP.com网站支持他的伙伴――像Statoil这样的大公司――在买卖原材料方面的各种交易。Statoil与SAP联系，并提供网站以查找各种石油天然气行业需要的设备和服务。SAP主办市场，这些市场会为石油天然气企业提供服务、设备和保养晶来源。Statoil希望通过在单一的市场活动节省大量成本。其他公司也应该利用该市场。随着历史悠久的石油天然气行业的成熟，价格上的竞争已经非常激烈。任何能使行业效率更高的产品都大受欢迎。
3.世界化学品交易网让公司可以在chemconnect.com上买卖、交易化学产品。
网站声称有如下优势：
A. 不需经过传统的谈判，即得到最满意的价格
B. 更迅速的订约
C. 进入新的全球市场，联系新的贸易伙伴
D. 及时的市场信息
网上拍卖和倒拍卖
B-to-B电子商务的另外一个特征，还包括通过拍卖竞价以及倒拍卖。在标准拍卖交易中，公司可能会将自己的产品甚至是报废的设备交付拍卖。在倒拍卖中，公司会出价以提供某种产品、服务，甚至电信设施。下面是倒拍卖进行的过程。公司需要原材料比如燕麦和小麦胚，这些是FS公司必不可少的商品。公司可以到“出价”网站并设置临时运营的程序，该程序用因特网来寻找供应该原材料的报价。早上，FS公司的采购人员就能够从提供燕麦和小麦胚的报价中寻找最低的价格。
网上拍卖正在改变商品采购的方式。几年以前，商品还是通过供应商、或与原材料供应商谈判价格的中间商来采购。现在，因特网和它的“报价”程序已经威胁到中间商的地位，使购买过程更加高效。从某种意义上说，因特网已经成为中间商，定价是动态、开放的。
实际上，动态定价不仅排挤中间商，还向卖方施加压力。卖方必须机敏灵活地参与瞬息万变的市场活动。这要求卖方的会计和后勤部门在从事市场拍卖活动之前就作好准备。
因为这些市场变化，公司已开始发现因特网交易高效率所取得的收益。举例来说，通用电器的家电部门发现，在电话和传真订单上他们的交易成本已经下降了1/10。网上销售额占部门销售总额的45％，其中成本锐减40亿美元，2000年的销售增长30亿美元。
成功并不都是一帆风顺：任何公司（或政府机构）都不能完全避免安全疏漏。1999年许多贸易公司停业，就是因为网站被黑客用大量消息袭击，不能处理这些消息而停止服务。安全是下一步努力的方向之一。电子商务公司用病毒扫描软件、加密、防干扰和其他诸多手段保护他们的网站以及客户的私人数据。
电子商务与ERP
你可以自问，为什么有了电子商务还必须拥有ERP呢？回答是技术间的互为补充，每个对于整体成功来说都缺一不可。没有电子商务，公司不可能与提供类似服务的公司展开竞争。没有ERP，公司不可能迅速有效地满足网上订货。以下是原因所在。
当公司通过网站接到订单后，不能仅仅记录或打印订单供以后处理就完了，比如电子邮件更新和订单追踪。订单必须有效地反馈给公司的市场营销、制造、运输和会计系统――这是一系列的步骤――有时称为内部处理。
高效进行内部经营对于任何公司的成功都至关重要。电子商务经常会恶化问题，使目前的内部系统中存在的弱点暴露无遗。举例说，Amazon.com把它的现金流投回仓储和其他有助于公司内部有条不紊经常的各项支出，以保证今后一如既往的成功。有些专门从事网上商务的公司担心象Walt-Mart这样的公司会进入网络市场中来，为什么？因为那些公司已经牢固建立了良好集成的内部经营和分销系统。
有些信息系统未集成的公司在建设集成的内部经营系统之前就创立了网站。结果，那些公司经常不能及时满足订货，1999年节假日期间许多电子商务公司这种现象都非常明显。一个大的玩具公司宣布在圣诞节之前不到一个星期的时间里，满足所有的上月订货已经不可能了。而令人惊奇的是，玩具货源很充足，都堆在库房里，但是公司不能组织象提货、包装、将玩具及时运输到消费者手中这样基本的操作。所以集成网络前台运营和ERP的内部经营活动在今天的商务活动中非常重要。
In the not-too-distant future,most companies will conduct at least part of their business operations through e-commerce,that is,on the Internet.When people think of e-commerce,they often think of retail e-commerce,typified by companies like Amazon.com.Most of the sales growth on the Internet,however,has benn in the area of business-to-business(B-to-B)e-commerce,rather than in retail business-to-business (B-to-C) e-commerce. Let’s look at B-to-C e-commerce,then at B-to-B e-commerce.
Business-to-Consume E-Commerce
There are many reasons why companies want to use e-commerce to sell their products to the public:
1.E-commerce is a good way to reach customers.By 2004 B-to-C e-commerce sales are ecpected to reach $180 billion.
2.Web transactions allow a company’s to use data-mining techniques to record and analyze information about its customers.With that information,a company can improve marketing,thus making more sales and increasing profit.For example,when a customer goes to Amazon.com,she is presented with product suggestions that are based on her previous purchases.
3.E-commerce allows companies to be more efficient,streamlining operations and lowering costs.Streamlining operations often begins with changing the way in which a company interacts with its customers.For example,instead of employing customer service agents to take telephone orders,customers can order directly from the Web,check their orders online,and ask questions via e-mail.As a result,customer service is enhanced and costs are lowered.
4.E-commerce provides customers with incentives to order.For some buyers,the incentive is convenience:Ordering is quick and easy—and it can even be done from home.Other buyers are attracted to unique services.For example,one company created a toy “wish list”during a holiday season.Parents and relatives could view a child’s online wish list and make their purchases directly from the list.Other companies offer a “digital dressing room”
5.On their site where customers can see clothes on figures shaped like their own.Still other companies offer”Web only”bargains.
6.The Web gives small companies access to huge markets that once were only available to large companies.Using Web-based commerce technology is rapidly becoming a necessity however,as competitors adopt the same practices.For example,offering online banking was once a competitive advantage,but now most banks offer the service as a competitive necessity.In fact,customers now expect sellers to be on the Internet.
Customers also use the Web to find better prices and better price information.Currently,some Web search enginers go out on the Internet and find the lowest price for a particular type of item.For example,Cnet.com provides this kind of price comparison for computers and peripherals.
Business-to-Business E-Commerce
Business-to-business e-commerce is defined as buying and selling between two companies over the World Wide Web.The companies might fie manufacturers,suppliers,wholesalers,or retailers.Estimates of B-to-B e-commerce sales are currently about $400 billion per year and are expecting to reach $7 trillion by 2004.
Business-to-business e-commerce is transforming how companies sell to each other.For example,auctions allow companies to buy raw materials at the lowest possible cost.These auctions are run like eBay.com,but they are specific to a particular industry.So,for example,when a company’s purchasing manager wants to buy sugar,she can go to an auction site—either for the food industry of a general”wholesale/retail only”auction site—and click on “food products.”
Electronic Data Interchange(EDI)
B-to-B is not new.Prior to the invention of the World Wide Web,companies electronically transferred purchase oredrs a system known as Electronic Data Interchange(EDI).EDI is an electronic computer-to-computer transfer of standard business documents.According to one study,EDI trading volume was nearly $3 trillion in 1999.
Companies can set up their own networks to communicate with their suppliers’ systems,or they might subscribe to a network run by an outside EDI service provider,a value-added network(VAN).When a company runs low on a specific raw material,it can order materials electronically.EDI should not be confused with a simple e-mail message that reads,”Dear Joe,please send us 5,000 widgets.” Rather,the message is sent on a standardized business transaction form,following a computer protocol in North America known as the ASNI X.12.
The benefits of EDI have been enormous:
1. Costs of paper,printing,and postage have almost disappeared from ordering systems.
2. Errors have been brought to a minimum because orders do not have to be rekeyed into a supplier’s system.
3. Ordering is fast and efficient. As a result,large companies have forced their smaller suppliers to use EDI,via a VAN if necessary.The supplier pays the VAN per amount of information sent and received.
Suppliers and buyers are “locked” into business relationships:Once a company sets up an EDI system with its supplier, it takes effort to change suppliers, and most do not, hence locking in the relationship.This is an advantage an long as both suppliers and buyers remain satisfied.
Internet-Based Procurement
Even though EDI has benn useful, companies are moving from EDI to Internet-based procurement for the following reasons:
1. The Internet is a lower-cost network than private EDI networks.
2. Purchasing costs are further reduced as suppliers compete for orders on the buyer’s Web site.
Thus, locking in suppliers is not the same and may not take place at all in Internet-based procurement.Suppliers that cannot compete on price may fail by the wayside, leaving the buyer with relationships with only viable suppliers.Here are three recent examples of this phenomenon:
1. In 2000 Ford Motor Company and General Motors announced that they are putting together an enormous Web site called a”B-to-B automotive exchange.” This venture is in conjunction with Commerce One and Oracle, which is providing the necessary software.Each company, along with its suppliers, can buy and sell automotive parts on this Web site.Purchasing auto parts will be fast and efficient,and auto manufacturers can maintain a low inventory.These savings could translate to more than 10% of the purchase price of a car. Other industries, in addition to the auto industry, are setting up exchanges.
ERP companies like SAP have also entered the B-to-B e-commerce market.SAP has proposed a joint effort with Statoil, the world’s second-largest supplier of crude off, to develop a vertical marketplace for oil and gas services.SAP’s mySAP.com supports exchanges in buying and selling raw materials with large companies like Statoil as partners.Statoil is linking with SAP and offering a Web site to find all types of equipment and services for the oil and gas industry. SAP hosts the marketplace,gas industry. Statoil expects large savings by using a single marketplace.Other companies are expected to use die marketplace as well. As the long-established oil and gas industry has matured, pricing has become highly competitive.Any product that makes the industry more efficient is welcomed.
2. The World Chemical Exchange allows companies to buy, sell, and trade chemicals at chemconnect.com.The Web site claims the following advantages:
A. Best prices without traditional negotiations
B. Faster contracts
C. Access to new world wide market and new wadding partners
D. Instant market information
Internet Autions and Reverse Auctions
B-to-B e-commerce also features online bidding through auctions and reverse auctions. In a standard auction, a company might ask for bids to supply it with goods, services, or even telecommunications capacity.Here’s how a reverse auction works.The company needs raw materials such as oats and wheat germ,which for FS are essentially commodities.The company can go to a “bidding” Web site and set up a program to run overnight.The program uses the Internet to solicit bids to supply those raw materials.In the morning,FS’s purchasing agent can choose the lowest price offered for the oats and wheat germ,
Internet-based auctions are changing the way in which commodities are purchased.A few years ago, commodities would have been purchased through a supplier, or middleman,who negotiated prices of raw materials with suppliers.Now,the Internet and its bidding programs have threatened the middleman’s role and made the buying process more efficient—in a sense,the Internet has become the middleman.Pricing is dynamic and open.
In fact, dynamic pricing is not only forcing out middlemen,but it is also putting pressure on sellers.Sellers must be nimble and flexible to participate in this Past-paced market.This requires a seller’s accounting and logistics operations to be in excellent shape before trying to sell in the auction market.
As a result of these market changes,companies are seeing efficiency gains through Internet buying and selling.For example,General Electric’s appliance division ha seen transaction costs drop to one tenth of what they were with telephone and fax orders.With 45% ofthe division’s sales on the Internet,that relates to a whopping $4 billion in cost savings and $3 billion in sales growth in 2000.
Tins success is not without a downside: No company(or government agency,for that matter) is totally immune to security breaches.In 1999 some large trading firms were shut down due to denial-of-service attacks hackers were bombarding the sites with so many messages,the site couldn’t handle the volume.Security is an ongoing effort.E-commerce commpanies use virus-scanning software,encrytion,intrusion detection,and other measures to protect their sites and privacy of customer data.
E-Commerce and ERP
You might ask yourself,what does e-commerce have to do with ERP? The answer is that each technology complements the other,and each is necessary for total success.Without e-commerce, a company cannot compete with companies offering similar goods.Without ERP, a company cannot fill Web orders expeditiously.Here’s why.
When a company receives an order through its Web site,the company can’t merely file or print orders for later handling,like e-mail updates and order tracking.The orders must be efficiently fed into the company’s marketing,manufacturing,shipping,and accounting systems---a series of steps sometimes called back-office processing.
An efficient back-office operation is crucial for any company’s success.E-commerce often exacerbates problems and reveals weaknesses in current hack-office systems.For example,Amazon.com invests its cash flow back into warehouses and other support that the company needs to keep its back office in order, so it can continue its success. Some Web-only businesses are frightened that companies like Wal-Mart will enter the Web market. Why? Because those companies already have well-established,integrated back-office and distribution systems.
Some companies with unintegrated information system have built Web sites before creating an integrated back-office system.As a result, those companies often can’t fill orders in a timely fashion, as was apparent with many e-commerce businesses during the 1999 holiday season. One large toy company announced less than a week before Christmas that it would not be able to fill all its Web orders.Surprisingly enough, all the toys were in the warehouse, but the company could’t organize basic functions---like picking,packing,and shipping—to get toys to consumers on time.So integrating the Internet front-office operation and the ERP back-office operation is fundamental in today’s business environment.
ERP和万维网
电子商务背景
在不远的将来，大多数公司的经营活动至少有一部分会以电子商务的形式开展，也就是说，通过网络。当人们想到电子商务的时候，他们经常想到的是零售业的电子商务，以Amazom.com网络书店为代表。然而，在因特网上大部分销售增长已经属于企业――企业（B-to-B）电子商务的范畴，而不是零售业的企业――消费者（B-to-C）形式的电子商务。让我们看看B-to-C电子商务，再关注B-to-B电子商务。
企业――消费者形式的电子商务
有很多理由解释公司想运用电子商务向公众销售产品的原因：
1. 电子商务是很好的与客户接触的方式。到2004年，B-to-C电子商务销售收入预计将达到1800亿美元。
2. 网络交易公司能够使用数据采掘技术以记录和分析客户信息。有了这些信息，公司可以改进市场营销活动，由此创造更大的销售量并增加收入。举例来说，当客户去Amazon.com时，她会收到产品建议，这些建议就是根据她以前的购买活动记录提出的。
3. 电子商务使公司更高效、简化经营并降低成本。而简化经营通常是以改变公司与客户的沟通方式开始的。举例来说，客户可以直接通过网络订货、在线查询订单状况、用电子邮件质询，而不是打电话给公司客户服务部的人员。由此改进了客户服务降低了成本。
4. 电子商务会鼓励客户消费。对于有些客户来说，这种激励来自于电子商务的便捷：订货快捷简单，甚至在家也可以完成订货。另一些客户则为别致的服务吸引。举例来说，一家公司在假期推出玩具“愿望单”。父母和亲属可以浏览孩子在网上写下的“愿望单”，直接按单上的玩具采购。其他公司在自己的网站上提供“数码更衣室”，客户可以看到屏幕上按她的身材显示的模特穿着的衣服的效果。还有其他公司提供“网上特有”的折扣价。
5. 网络使小公司也能够接触大市场，而以前，这些大市场通常只对大公司敞开。然而，随着竞争者采用了同样的策略，使用以网络技术为基础的电子商务成为每个市场主体的必不可少的手段。举例来说，提供在线银行服务曾经是一项富有竞争力的活动，但是现在，大多数银行都提供该种服务作为一项必要的服务。实际上，现在的客户希望卖方在网络上开展业务。
客户也使用网络发现更优惠的价格和更有价值的价格信息。目前，有些网站搜索引擎搜索网络来发展某一特定商品的量低价格。举例来说，Cnet.com就向计算机和期刊业提供这类的价格比较。
企业――企业形式的电子商务
B-to-B电子商务是指，两个公司间通过万维网进行的买卖活动。公司可以是制造商、供应商、批发商或零售商。目前估计B-to-B电子商务量每年达到4000亿美元，预计到2004年将达到70000亿美元。
B-to-B电子商务正在改变公司间交易的形式。举例来说，拍卖让公司能够以最低的价格购买原材料。这些拍卖活动可以在像eBay.com这类网站进行，但是他们都是面对特定的行业。举例说，当公司的采购经理需要购买糖时，她可以去拍卖网站，或者去食品行业的站点，或者一个一般的“批发/零售”拍卖网站，然后点击“食物产品”。
电子数据交换（EDI）
B-to-B并不是新鲜事物。在万维网出现之前，公司通过系统进行的采购订单电子化传输被为电子数据交换（EDI）。EDI是标准化商务文档通过计算机进行的电子化传输。一项研究表明，1992年EDI的贸易量将近30000亿美元。
公司可以构建自己的网络与其供应商的系统保持联系，或者他们可以订购一个由外部EDI服务供应商运行的网络，称为增值网络(VAN)。当公司缺乏某种原材料时，他可以在网络上订购原材料。而EDI并不会与下面的邮件相混淆，“亲爱的Joe，请发给我5000个开罐器”。相反，消息会按照标准的商务交易形式传输，遵循在北美被称为ASNIx。12的计算机协议。
EDI有很多好处：
1. 订单系统中几乎不再存在纸张、打印和邮寄费用。
2. 已经将错误降到最低水平，因为订单不再需要重新键入供应商的系统中。
3. 订货迅速高效。所以，大公司已经迫使他的小型供应商在必要的情况下通过VAN使用EDI。供应商需要向VAN支付收发每条信息的服务费用。
4. 供应商和买方被“锁定”在生意关系中：一旦公司与他的供应商构建了EDI系统，更换供应商就会花精力，大多数情况下是不会替换供应商的，由此，双方锁定在固定的生意关系中。只要供应商和买方之间互相满意，这种关系就是一种优势。
网上获取活动
即使EDI非常有用，公司还是通过EDI向网上获取活动发展，原因如下：
1. 因特网比私人EDI网络成本低。
2. 因为供应商在买方的网站上竞相推销产品，使得采购成本大大降低。
所以，供应商的锁定方式与在网上获取活动中并不相同，甚至不会发生。不能在价格上具有竞争力的供应商会败下阵来，买方只与令人满意的供应商保持联系。该现象目前有三个例子：
1.2000年福特汽车公司和通用汽车公司宣布他们联合组建了大型网站，称为“B-to-B汽车交易网”。该网站是Commerce One和Oracle通力合作的结果，两家公司提供必要的软件。两家公司和其供应商都可以在网站上买卖汽车零部件。这样，采购汽车零部件将变得更加快捷高效，汽车制造商因此也可以维持较低的存货水平。这些节省下来的费用可以占到一辆轿车购买价的10％，除了汽车行业，其他行业也在建立这样的交易方式。
2.像SAP这样的ERP公司已经进入了B-to-B电子商务市场。SAP已经拟与Statoil，世界第二大原油供应商，合作开发石油和天然气的垂直交易场所。SAP的mySAP.com网站支持他的伙伴――像Statoil这样的大公司――在买卖原材料方面的各种交易。Statoil与SAP联系，并提供网站以查找各种石油天然气行业需要的设备和服务。SAP主办市场，这些市场会为石油天然气企业提供服务、设备和保养晶来源。Statoil希望通过在单一的市场活动节省大量成本。其他公司也应该利用该市场。随着历史悠久的石油天然气行业的成熟，价格上的竞争已经非常激烈。任何能使行业效率更高的产品都大受欢迎。
3.世界化学品交易网让公司可以在chemconnect.com上买卖、交易化学产品。
网站声称有如下优势：
A. 不需经过传统的谈判，即得到最满意的价格
B. 更迅速的订约
C. 进入新的全球市场，联系新的贸易伙伴
D. 及时的市场信息
网上拍卖和倒拍卖
B-to-B电子商务的另外一个特征，还包括通过拍卖竞价以及倒拍卖。在标准拍卖交易中，公司可能会将自己的产品甚至是报废的设备交付拍卖。在倒拍卖中，公司会出价以提供某种产品、服务，甚至电信设施。下面是倒拍卖进行的过程。公司需要原材料比如燕麦和小麦胚，这些是FS公司必不可少的商品。公司可以到“出价”网站并设置临时运营的程序，该程序用因特网来寻找供应该原材料的报价。早上，FS公司的采购人员就能够从提供燕麦和小麦胚的报价中寻找最低的价格。
网上拍卖正在改变商品采购的方式。几年以前，商品还是通过供应商、或与原材料供应商谈判价格的中间商来采购。现在，因特网和它的“报价”程序已经威胁到中间商的地位，使购买过程更加高效。从某种意义上说，因特网已经成为中间商，定价是动态、开放的。
实际上，动态定价不仅排挤中间商，还向卖方施加压力。卖方必须机敏灵活地参与瞬息万变的市场活动。这要求卖方的会计和后勤部门在从事市场拍卖活动之前就作好准备。
因为这些市场变化，公司已开始发现因特网交易高效率所取得的收益。举例来说，通用电器的家电部门发现，在电话和传真订单上他们的交易成本已经下降了1/10。网上销售额占部门销售总额的45％，其中成本锐减40亿美元，2000年的销售增长30亿美元。
成功并不都是一帆风顺：任何公司（或政府机构）都不能完全避免安全疏漏。1999年许多贸易公司停业，就是因为网站被黑客用大量消息袭击，不能处理这些消息而停止服务。安全是下一步努力的方向之一。电子商务公司用病毒扫描软件、加密、防干扰和其他诸多手段保护他们的网站以及客户的私人数据。
电子商务与ERP
你可以自问，为什么有了电子商务还必须拥有ERP呢？回答是技术间的互为补充，每个对于整体成功来说都缺一不可。没有电子商务，公司不可能与提供类似服务的公司展开竞争。没有ERP，公司不可能迅速有效地满足网上订货。以下是原因所在。
当公司通过网站接到订单后，不能仅仅记录或打印订单供以后处理就完了，比如电子邮件更新和订单追踪。订单必须有效地反馈给公司的市场营销、制造、运输和会计系统――这是一系列的步骤――有时称为内部处理。
高效进行内部经营对于任何公司的成功都至关重要。电子商务经常会恶化问题，使目前的内部系统中存在的弱点暴露无遗。举例说，Amazon.com把它的现金流投回仓储和其他有助于公司内部有条不紊经常的各项支出，以保证今后一如既往的成功。有些专门从事网上商务的公司担心象Walt-Mart这样的公司会进入网络市场中来，为什么？因为那些公司已经牢固建立了良好集成的内部经营和分销系统。
有些信息系统未集成的公司在建设集成的内部经营系统之前就创立了网站。结果，那些公司经常不能及时满足订货，1999年节假日期间许多电子商务公司这种现象都非常明显。一个大的玩具公司宣布在圣诞节之前不到一个星期的时间里，满足所有的上月订货已经不可能了。而令人惊奇的是，玩具货源很充足，都堆在库房里，但是公司不能组织象提货、包装、将玩具及时运输到消费者手中这样基本的操作。所以集成网络前台运营和ERP的内部经营活动在今天的商务活动中非常重要。
The Invisible Factors of The WoW’s Success
These Statement:
The massively multiplayer online role play game,World of Warcraft,now is in the lead of world online game market.There are some reasons you already knew,but there are some factors you didn’t notice.Let’s search for these invisible factors.
Outline:
Ⅰ.Qusetion was raised in a reaport,along with some curiosities.
A .There are more than two million players in the west and about five million in china, who are willing to pay for playing this game.
Ⅱ. Invisible factors of the success.
A. Go-it-alone mode of gameplay.
B. Easier control and “fun factors”.
C. Different options offers to players.
D. Long-year experience in online service.
E. Blizzard’s reputation and its’ good concept of creating a game.
Ⅲ. Conclusion
A new report from analyst group DFC Intelligence's David Cole looks at the unique path that gave rise to Blizzard's groundbreakingly-populated massively muitiplayer online role-play game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, including the myths behind its international impact, and the forecast for competitors hoping to break off a chunk of Blizzard's success.
The report follows below:
'With the interactive entertainment world’s attention about to turn to the new console systems, we thought this month we’d instead take a look at one of the most successful PC game products ever, World of Warcraft (WoW). WoW is of course, a `subscription-based massively multiplayer online role-play game (MMORPG). What makes the product unique is not necessarily the number of users, but the number of users that are willing to pay up to $15 a month to play the game. The game has raised the bar for MMORPG products, particularly in terms of revenue generation. However, there are some fundamental misconceptions about the game that are particularly problematic. In the end, it is a great game that has perhaps recalibrated investor expectations for MMORPG products beyond what makes sense. There is a lot of supposedly new talk about the “World of Warcraft model”. To longtime industry observers, this talk is more retro (or even tired) than it is revolutionary. Still, WoW developer Blizzard Entertainment obviously did something right and it only seems natural to ask what it was. It is only after understanding how Blizzard made WoW a success that companies can ask such questions as: is that success duplicable and if so is our particular company in a position to duplicate that success?
What we know for sure is that World of Warcraft has had one million North American subscribers and one million European subscribers for a total of over two million Western subscribers, not including five million chinese subscribers. This, in and of itself, is an astounding feat. No game had been able to top 750,000 subscribers in those territories, let alone one million or two million. It is important, however, to remember that in terms of revenue generation, World of Warcraft is just one star among the many high-flying video games with millions of unit sales.
Unlike some games which force players to cooperate, WoW facilitates the go-it-alone mode of gameplay. A good deal of the action in World of Warcraft does not occur within the massively multiplayer setting where there are hundreds to thousands of people. Many quests allow the player to enter into an “instance” which is a sort of parallel universe in which the player and whatever group they are part of leave the main gameworld and enter a “court” of their own. Instancing, as it is known, is a controversial practice among the hard-core MMORPG crowd because it breaks the illusion of the game as one seamless “virtual world”.
On the other hand, it allows players greater control of their individual experience and reduces server overhead and lag. The practice also allowed Blizzard to provide direction for player versus player (PvP) gameplay. The normal MMORPG focuses primarily on player versus environment (PvE) experience where a user goes on a “quest” and focuses on fighting computer generated monsters and building their character level. With PvP players fight each other. For WoW, Blizzard introduced “Battlegrounds” about 6 months after the original game release. These are essentially minigames that are almost like the “Deathmatches” from first person shooter (FPS) type games. In the first Battlegrounds release, there were an epic game with up to 40 players and a “Capture-the-Flag” 20 player match. The battles also provided a much needed boost to the factional strife that World of Warcraft fosters between the game universe’s races, the Alliance and the Horde.
Both the PvE and PvP instanced content has proven incredibly popular even as it has led to derisive commentary from MMORPG purists. It appears to us that instanced content lets Blizzard formalize some of the way users play MMOG. For years, different play styles led to social problems among players who were following different implicit rules. Also, many users are not attracted to a purely open-ended game. Some players want clear winners and losers as in an FPS or sports game. Now, people who like PvP battles can engage in those in their own arena while PvE players can hang out in the auction house. This has enabled World of Warcraft to draw players who would normally be classified as moderate gamers, the types who play Counter-Strike, Call of Duty, or Battlefield.
Instancing and support for solo players, however, are not limited to World of Warcraft. Many other games provide the same types of play to various degrees. A great deal of WoW’s success can probably be attributed to the elusive “fun” factor. So is it simply about building another product that consumers find to be fun? Developing an online game with the quality of WoW is probably within the reach of several companies, assuming they have around $25 to $50 million to invest in creating a well-designed fun game. However, having a high-quality, fun product was only one part of WoW’s unprecedented success. There are several other key factors that will be much harder to duplicate. Blizzard’s global execution was based on years of experience and backed with very strong brand recognition. The foundation for WoW’s success was started years before actual product development commenced.
World of Warcraft is the first truly global online game. At least as impressive as the game’s success in China is its more than 1 million customers in Europe. No other MMORPG has even claimed 100,000 European subscribers.
Blizzard was able to launch a product on a global basis because they had years of experience with releasing and operating online games around the world.Blizzard’s decade long experience with its free Battle.net online game service was clearly a major factor in WoW’s success. Most online game developers have had mere thousands or at best tens of thousands of users. Blizzard was used to dealing with hundreds of thousands of users on a daily basis. This type of large-scale operations experience cannot be underestimated. WoW did not come out of nowhere and was the result of years of experience. This type of experience is probably impossible to duplicate.
Finally of course there is Blizzard’s reputation and the brand strength of Warcraft. Blizzard’s franchises like Warcraft, StarCraft and Diablo were among the most popular PC games of all time. Blizzard is definitely a company well-known for quality of product not quantity. They are a company with a reputation for taking the time to get things right. For example, it took over six years between the release of Warcraft II and Warcraft III. Furthermore, Blizzard, at the time of WoW’s release, was probably the most respected online gaming company in the world. Through years of supporting online games at Battle.net with a high level of service, the company was known as responsive to player desires and just plain good at running online games. Unlike many game company brands, Blizzard had proven its international appeal with massive popularity of StarCraft in Asia, particularly outside Japan. Blizzard even had some indirect benefit from piracy. Warcraft games were some of the most popular pirated games in China and other parts of Asia and this lead to strong brand recognition.
After knowing this,you’ll find how did WoW become the most populor game in the world.
The massively multiplayer online role play game,World of Warcraft,now is in the lead of world online game market.There are some reasons you already knew,but there are some factors you didn’t notice.Let’s search for these invisible factors.
Outline:
Ⅰ.Qusetion was raised in a reaport,along with some curiosities.
A .There are more than two million players in the west and about five million in china, who are willing to pay for playing this game.
Ⅱ. Invisible factors of the success.
A. Go-it-alone mode of gameplay.
B. Easier control and “fun factors”.
C. Different options offers to players.
D. Long-year experience in online service.
E. Blizzard’s reputation and its’ good concept of creating a game.
Ⅲ. Conclusion
A new report from analyst group DFC Intelligence's David Cole looks at the unique path that gave rise to Blizzard's groundbreakingly-populated massively muitiplayer online role-play game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft, including the myths behind its international impact, and the forecast for competitors hoping to break off a chunk of Blizzard's success.
The report follows below:
'With the interactive entertainment world’s attention about to turn to the new console systems, we thought this month we’d instead take a look at one of the most successful PC game products ever, World of Warcraft (WoW). WoW is of course, a `subscription-based massively multiplayer online role-play game (MMORPG). What makes the product unique is not necessarily the number of users, but the number of users that are willing to pay up to $15 a month to play the game. The game has raised the bar for MMORPG products, particularly in terms of revenue generation. However, there are some fundamental misconceptions about the game that are particularly problematic. In the end, it is a great game that has perhaps recalibrated investor expectations for MMORPG products beyond what makes sense. There is a lot of supposedly new talk about the “World of Warcraft model”. To longtime industry observers, this talk is more retro (or even tired) than it is revolutionary. Still, WoW developer Blizzard Entertainment obviously did something right and it only seems natural to ask what it was. It is only after understanding how Blizzard made WoW a success that companies can ask such questions as: is that success duplicable and if so is our particular company in a position to duplicate that success?
What we know for sure is that World of Warcraft has had one million North American subscribers and one million European subscribers for a total of over two million Western subscribers, not including five million chinese subscribers. This, in and of itself, is an astounding feat. No game had been able to top 750,000 subscribers in those territories, let alone one million or two million. It is important, however, to remember that in terms of revenue generation, World of Warcraft is just one star among the many high-flying video games with millions of unit sales.
Unlike some games which force players to cooperate, WoW facilitates the go-it-alone mode of gameplay. A good deal of the action in World of Warcraft does not occur within the massively multiplayer setting where there are hundreds to thousands of people. Many quests allow the player to enter into an “instance” which is a sort of parallel universe in which the player and whatever group they are part of leave the main gameworld and enter a “court” of their own. Instancing, as it is known, is a controversial practice among the hard-core MMORPG crowd because it breaks the illusion of the game as one seamless “virtual world”.
On the other hand, it allows players greater control of their individual experience and reduces server overhead and lag. The practice also allowed Blizzard to provide direction for player versus player (PvP) gameplay. The normal MMORPG focuses primarily on player versus environment (PvE) experience where a user goes on a “quest” and focuses on fighting computer generated monsters and building their character level. With PvP players fight each other. For WoW, Blizzard introduced “Battlegrounds” about 6 months after the original game release. These are essentially minigames that are almost like the “Deathmatches” from first person shooter (FPS) type games. In the first Battlegrounds release, there were an epic game with up to 40 players and a “Capture-the-Flag” 20 player match. The battles also provided a much needed boost to the factional strife that World of Warcraft fosters between the game universe’s races, the Alliance and the Horde.
Both the PvE and PvP instanced content has proven incredibly popular even as it has led to derisive commentary from MMORPG purists. It appears to us that instanced content lets Blizzard formalize some of the way users play MMOG. For years, different play styles led to social problems among players who were following different implicit rules. Also, many users are not attracted to a purely open-ended game. Some players want clear winners and losers as in an FPS or sports game. Now, people who like PvP battles can engage in those in their own arena while PvE players can hang out in the auction house. This has enabled World of Warcraft to draw players who would normally be classified as moderate gamers, the types who play Counter-Strike, Call of Duty, or Battlefield.
Instancing and support for solo players, however, are not limited to World of Warcraft. Many other games provide the same types of play to various degrees. A great deal of WoW’s success can probably be attributed to the elusive “fun” factor. So is it simply about building another product that consumers find to be fun? Developing an online game with the quality of WoW is probably within the reach of several companies, assuming they have around $25 to $50 million to invest in creating a well-designed fun game. However, having a high-quality, fun product was only one part of WoW’s unprecedented success. There are several other key factors that will be much harder to duplicate. Blizzard’s global execution was based on years of experience and backed with very strong brand recognition. The foundation for WoW’s success was started years before actual product development commenced.
World of Warcraft is the first truly global online game. At least as impressive as the game’s success in China is its more than 1 million customers in Europe. No other MMORPG has even claimed 100,000 European subscribers.
Blizzard was able to launch a product on a global basis because they had years of experience with releasing and operating online games around the world.Blizzard’s decade long experience with its free Battle.net online game service was clearly a major factor in WoW’s success. Most online game developers have had mere thousands or at best tens of thousands of users. Blizzard was used to dealing with hundreds of thousands of users on a daily basis. This type of large-scale operations experience cannot be underestimated. WoW did not come out of nowhere and was the result of years of experience. This type of experience is probably impossible to duplicate.
Finally of course there is Blizzard’s reputation and the brand strength of Warcraft. Blizzard’s franchises like Warcraft, StarCraft and Diablo were among the most popular PC games of all time. Blizzard is definitely a company well-known for quality of product not quantity. They are a company with a reputation for taking the time to get things right. For example, it took over six years between the release of Warcraft II and Warcraft III. Furthermore, Blizzard, at the time of WoW’s release, was probably the most respected online gaming company in the world. Through years of supporting online games at Battle.net with a high level of service, the company was known as responsive to player desires and just plain good at running online games. Unlike many game company brands, Blizzard had proven its international appeal with massive popularity of StarCraft in Asia, particularly outside Japan. Blizzard even had some indirect benefit from piracy. Warcraft games were some of the most popular pirated games in China and other parts of Asia and this lead to strong brand recognition.
After knowing this,you’ll find how did WoW become the most populor game in the world.
Artificial Intelligence
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI), born at the beginning of 1950s, is a young and promising academic subject. Because the question Can machines think? is always disputed, we can not precisely define AI. Usually, we think that AI is a branch of computer science. From the history of AI, we can clearly find that AI together with computer grown up. AI can be widely applied in many practical fields form robots for exploring the planets to automated personal assistants for navigating in the world of networked computer systems.
Keyword：Artificial Intelligence
1 Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI), as a young and promising branch of knowledge, has attracted a great many researchers’ attention and fast developed in the past 50 years. Nowadays, some artificial intelligence systems have been applied in a wide variety of practical fields. For example, there are programs that generate investment strategies by predicting trends in the stock market, diagnose patient illnesses suggesting treatment, and control robots in factories.
The fast development of AI has gone beyond the most people’s anticipation. The success in biology and modeling of mathematics leads to the foundation and application in computational intelligence systems. These computational intelligence systems refer to the fields of man-made nerve network, evolutionary computation, swarm optimization algorithms and man-made life. Therefore, artificial intelligence can be considered as the combination of some subjects, include computer science, philosophy, physiology, sociology, information science and computation mathematics.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we define the artificial intelligence. In Section 3, we present the brief history of artificial intelligence. In section 4, we give some practical applications of artificial intelligence. Finally, we will summarize our paper.
2 The Definition of AI
It is difficult to precisely define the artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence, broadly defined, is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts. Intelligent behavior, involves perception, reasoning, learning, communicating and acting in complex environments. By the same time, AI can also be defined as the design and analysis of computer programs that behave intelligently. These programs are constructed to perform as a human or an animal whose behavior we consider intelligent. AI researchers have written programs to control nuclear power plants and diagnose problems in complicated electronic devices. However, it has proved to be more difficult to write programs that can reliably recognize faces or clean our house without destroying furniture.
AI has one of its long-term goals at the development of machines that can do any thing as well as humans can, or possibly even better. At present, the goal of AI is to understand this kind of artificial behaviors whether it occurs in machines or in humans or other animals.
In order to measure artificial intelligence, Alan Turing, a pioneer in the field of computer, once proposed an intelligence test for AI. In the Turing test, a human judge is allowed to ask a program through some sort of an interface such as a video terminal. If the program can fool the human into believing that it is another human responding rather than a computer, then the program is judged intelligent. You can imagine variants of the test in which you manipulate a robot’s environment to see how the robot responds and judge the robot as intelligent or not depending on whether the robot responds in accord with how a human might in the same situation. Now, the Turing test is not considered a very useful test of a machine’s intelligence. For example, Joseph Weizenbaum’s ELIZA program uses some very simple tricks but appears to the tolerant user to be able to carry on a rather realistic. In order to search a less biased arbiter for what constitutes intelligence, many researchers have employed engineering criteria to judge their progress in building AI systems. For instance, if you wish to build a robot to deliver mail, then you can judge the robot’s performance based on its skill in maneuvering in an office environment and its accuracy and speed in routing mail to its intended destination.
3 The Brief History of AI
The first step toward artificial intelligence was taken long ago by Aristotle (384-322 B.C) when he set about to explain and codify certain styles of deductive reasoning that he called syllogisms. Later, some scientists and mathematicians started to pursue automated reasoning. Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) invented a calculus philosophicus or ratiocinator in which all knowledge, including moral and metaphysical truths, can some day be brought. Of course, it was a dream that could not be fulfilled with the technical apparatus of the time. Until George Boole [Boole 1854] developed the foundations of propositional logic, automated reasoning had a substantial progress.
In 1958, John McCarthy proposed using the predicate calculus as a language for representing and using knowledge in a system, he called the “advice taker”. This system was to be told what it needed to know rather than programmed. Although, some controversy survived among AI researchers, the predicate calculus and several of its variants constitute the foundation for knowledge representation in AI. During the 1960s and early 1970s, much of the early AI work explored a variety of problem representations, search techniques and general heuristics employing them in computer programs that could solve simple puzzles, play games and retrieve information. One of the influential programs was the General Problem Soler, written by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert Simon.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, more capable programs had been produced, which contained the knowledge required to mimic expert human performance at several tasks, including diagnosis, design and analysis. The program that is credited with first demonstrating the importance of large amounts of domain-specific knowledge is DENDRAL, a system for predicting the structure of organic molecules given their chemical formula and mass spectrogram analyses.
On May 11, 1997, an IBM program named DEEP BLUE beat the reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, by 3.5 to 2.5 in a six game match. It greatly encouraged AI researchers’ confidence. Projecting present trends into the future, I think that the day when machine can do things as well as humans can is not far away.
4 The Application of AI
Artificial intelligence is the basis for a host of practical systems. Some of these systems have already existed, but the others are being designed for the future. The following presents some applications of AI.
Language translation systems There are now AI translators that you can speak to and have them print transcripts of what you say in foreign languages. The most advanced systems can answer questions based on the information in the text and produce useful summaries.
Air traffic control systems The skies over our airports are becoming crowded as air travel becomes more popular. Tracking thousands of flights, personnel, and maintenance schedules is a difficult job for humans. Computers help by scheduling the arrival and departure of flights to maximize passenger safety and minimize delays.
Supervisory systems As large office buildings and shopping malls become more complex, we need systems to control public services. A supervisory AI system controls elevators, powers and climate conditions. It also manages security and safety inspections and directs visitors to their destinations.
Automated personal assistants It is now possible to build AI systems to actively guide you in using computer networks. They can search through web pages and filter your mail so that you read only the most important and interesting items. They can help you find information, buy products and services, and locate people through the electronic networks.
Intelligent highways Traffic congestion is a growing problem on our major highways. However, doubling the size of our road system would be expensive in the countryside and impossible in cities where space is limited. Instead, efforts are now underway to build AI systems that optimize the usage of existing highways by broadcasting traffic warnings, redirecting vehicles. In the future, your car will plan the route to your destination in coordination with the automated highway managers.
Robots for hazardous conditions Toxic waste cleanup, especially in the nuclear industry, will become increasingly important in the coming years. There are also important applications in biohazard handling in hospital; underground mining; and underwater mining, salvage, construction, and agriculture. Robots can also handle no hazardous tasks that are unpleasant or tedious, such as garbage collection or harvesting crops.
5 Summary
Artificial intelligence is a diverse and rapidly evolving field emphasizing a wide range of techniques and applications. Because the question can machines think？is always disputed, artificial intelligence itself is fully filled with challenge and chance. Therefore, I believe that artificial intelligence will develop quickly and produce a great deal of wealth in the 21 century.
Artificial intelligence (AI), born at the beginning of 1950s, is a young and promising academic subject. Because the question Can machines think? is always disputed, we can not precisely define AI. Usually, we think that AI is a branch of computer science. From the history of AI, we can clearly find that AI together with computer grown up. AI can be widely applied in many practical fields form robots for exploring the planets to automated personal assistants for navigating in the world of networked computer systems.
Keyword：Artificial Intelligence
1 Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI), as a young and promising branch of knowledge, has attracted a great many researchers’ attention and fast developed in the past 50 years. Nowadays, some artificial intelligence systems have been applied in a wide variety of practical fields. For example, there are programs that generate investment strategies by predicting trends in the stock market, diagnose patient illnesses suggesting treatment, and control robots in factories.
The fast development of AI has gone beyond the most people’s anticipation. The success in biology and modeling of mathematics leads to the foundation and application in computational intelligence systems. These computational intelligence systems refer to the fields of man-made nerve network, evolutionary computation, swarm optimization algorithms and man-made life. Therefore, artificial intelligence can be considered as the combination of some subjects, include computer science, philosophy, physiology, sociology, information science and computation mathematics.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we define the artificial intelligence. In Section 3, we present the brief history of artificial intelligence. In section 4, we give some practical applications of artificial intelligence. Finally, we will summarize our paper.
2 The Definition of AI
It is difficult to precisely define the artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence, broadly defined, is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts. Intelligent behavior, involves perception, reasoning, learning, communicating and acting in complex environments. By the same time, AI can also be defined as the design and analysis of computer programs that behave intelligently. These programs are constructed to perform as a human or an animal whose behavior we consider intelligent. AI researchers have written programs to control nuclear power plants and diagnose problems in complicated electronic devices. However, it has proved to be more difficult to write programs that can reliably recognize faces or clean our house without destroying furniture.
AI has one of its long-term goals at the development of machines that can do any thing as well as humans can, or possibly even better. At present, the goal of AI is to understand this kind of artificial behaviors whether it occurs in machines or in humans or other animals.
In order to measure artificial intelligence, Alan Turing, a pioneer in the field of computer, once proposed an intelligence test for AI. In the Turing test, a human judge is allowed to ask a program through some sort of an interface such as a video terminal. If the program can fool the human into believing that it is another human responding rather than a computer, then the program is judged intelligent. You can imagine variants of the test in which you manipulate a robot’s environment to see how the robot responds and judge the robot as intelligent or not depending on whether the robot responds in accord with how a human might in the same situation. Now, the Turing test is not considered a very useful test of a machine’s intelligence. For example, Joseph Weizenbaum’s ELIZA program uses some very simple tricks but appears to the tolerant user to be able to carry on a rather realistic. In order to search a less biased arbiter for what constitutes intelligence, many researchers have employed engineering criteria to judge their progress in building AI systems. For instance, if you wish to build a robot to deliver mail, then you can judge the robot’s performance based on its skill in maneuvering in an office environment and its accuracy and speed in routing mail to its intended destination.
3 The Brief History of AI
The first step toward artificial intelligence was taken long ago by Aristotle (384-322 B.C) when he set about to explain and codify certain styles of deductive reasoning that he called syllogisms. Later, some scientists and mathematicians started to pursue automated reasoning. Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) invented a calculus philosophicus or ratiocinator in which all knowledge, including moral and metaphysical truths, can some day be brought. Of course, it was a dream that could not be fulfilled with the technical apparatus of the time. Until George Boole [Boole 1854] developed the foundations of propositional logic, automated reasoning had a substantial progress.
In 1958, John McCarthy proposed using the predicate calculus as a language for representing and using knowledge in a system, he called the “advice taker”. This system was to be told what it needed to know rather than programmed. Although, some controversy survived among AI researchers, the predicate calculus and several of its variants constitute the foundation for knowledge representation in AI. During the 1960s and early 1970s, much of the early AI work explored a variety of problem representations, search techniques and general heuristics employing them in computer programs that could solve simple puzzles, play games and retrieve information. One of the influential programs was the General Problem Soler, written by Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw and Herbert Simon.
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, more capable programs had been produced, which contained the knowledge required to mimic expert human performance at several tasks, including diagnosis, design and analysis. The program that is credited with first demonstrating the importance of large amounts of domain-specific knowledge is DENDRAL, a system for predicting the structure of organic molecules given their chemical formula and mass spectrogram analyses.
On May 11, 1997, an IBM program named DEEP BLUE beat the reigning world chess champion, Garry Kasparov, by 3.5 to 2.5 in a six game match. It greatly encouraged AI researchers’ confidence. Projecting present trends into the future, I think that the day when machine can do things as well as humans can is not far away.
4 The Application of AI
Artificial intelligence is the basis for a host of practical systems. Some of these systems have already existed, but the others are being designed for the future. The following presents some applications of AI.
Language translation systems There are now AI translators that you can speak to and have them print transcripts of what you say in foreign languages. The most advanced systems can answer questions based on the information in the text and produce useful summaries.
Air traffic control systems The skies over our airports are becoming crowded as air travel becomes more popular. Tracking thousands of flights, personnel, and maintenance schedules is a difficult job for humans. Computers help by scheduling the arrival and departure of flights to maximize passenger safety and minimize delays.
Supervisory systems As large office buildings and shopping malls become more complex, we need systems to control public services. A supervisory AI system controls elevators, powers and climate conditions. It also manages security and safety inspections and directs visitors to their destinations.
Automated personal assistants It is now possible to build AI systems to actively guide you in using computer networks. They can search through web pages and filter your mail so that you read only the most important and interesting items. They can help you find information, buy products and services, and locate people through the electronic networks.
Intelligent highways Traffic congestion is a growing problem on our major highways. However, doubling the size of our road system would be expensive in the countryside and impossible in cities where space is limited. Instead, efforts are now underway to build AI systems that optimize the usage of existing highways by broadcasting traffic warnings, redirecting vehicles. In the future, your car will plan the route to your destination in coordination with the automated highway managers.
Robots for hazardous conditions Toxic waste cleanup, especially in the nuclear industry, will become increasingly important in the coming years. There are also important applications in biohazard handling in hospital; underground mining; and underwater mining, salvage, construction, and agriculture. Robots can also handle no hazardous tasks that are unpleasant or tedious, such as garbage collection or harvesting crops.
5 Summary
Artificial intelligence is a diverse and rapidly evolving field emphasizing a wide range of techniques and applications. Because the question can machines think？is always disputed, artificial intelligence itself is fully filled with challenge and chance. Therefore, I believe that artificial intelligence will develop quickly and produce a great deal of wealth in the 21 century.
The company’s logistics control
Abstract :expansion of a development company to a certain size, the company's logistics management and control has become more and more important, the traditional "people-oriented" management style has been far from consistent with the requirements of management, financial workers how to put their own And the role of the company's internal control quickly adapt to the needs of the senior management of the company, how to coordinate with the management of the company's full participation in the management and so on, in contemporary business management in a lot of attention.
Key words: Procurement Management Inventory Management
With the size of the company's internal controls and expand the demand for the company's financial control Gengjinyiceng has penetrated into every corner of the company, and in practical work to achieve certain degree of success. In the company's financial control, material management has become very prominent. I combine the study of laws and regulations and practical work experience, for control of the logistics issues to talk about the point of view:
First,to strengthen the work of the Finance
1. To have a comprehensive financial management and hands-on experience in charge of this work. He and the practice of reform ideas to a large extent on financial management on behalf of the company's direction. At the same time, to give the others the terms of reference in order to work.
2. Accounting department accounting staff to clear division of labor, the establishment of system of personal responsibility so that everyone can be a lot of pressure, control was everything. At the same time, of course, should establish an incentive mechanism so that it can improve long-term initiative, each of the accounting staff to play a good style of professional ethics.
3. Accountants to be under the jurisdiction of the accounts, accounts, account-line, quantitative and qualitative and timely reporting of financial statements, true to the legitimate provision of financial data.
Second,to strengthen the management of the procurement
1. Materiel procurement plans and the establishment of examination and approval system. 公 In the master plan on the basis of specific supply procurement plan. Concrete materials procurement, should be strictly in accordance with the "first application for approval and then buy" principle. No declaration of the examination and approval procedures, storage is not acceptance, non-financial reporting, all economic bear. "Execution before" approach to phase out in the end. Otherwise, the "exceptional" repeated the thing.
2. To enhance the quality of procurement management. For the company's product quality and stability, we must use quality raw materials. Managers to deal with the raw materials used in accordance with the requirements of the company's product quality standard specifications for the procurement and distribution buyers, suppliers, warehouse management and inspection personnel. If the buyer of goods into the sub-standard quality of procurement specifications put forward by the quality of materials, storage can refuse acceptance of suppliers of goods and to be returned, economic self-responsibility, or discount prices.
3. Purchase price control. The prices of raw materials directly affect the level of direct costs and benefits should shop around to do. In determining supply and prices before the market carried out an extensive investigation in order to achieve a fair, open, shelf-life, low-cost. In addition, regardless of the size of the value of procurement, first of all must be obtained from the concept of value-added tax invoices. Obtained from the value-added tax invoices to cut costs is one aspect.
Third, strengthen inspection of goods and materials, storage management
1. Establish a strict verification system. The procurement of goods by category, specification, supply unit, and the number of damaged storage for the pre-inspection, and material number is expected to issue a single admission procedures for storage, control is essential to strengthen the material. Although the procedures are very complicated and can not be reduced and the light. Members of acceptance in accordance with certain procedures for inspection, after passing the acceptance in the relevant bills to stamp Chapter acceptance by the buyer and quality inspector, member of acceptance to sign the bill as well as the executives agreed to pay the amount of signatures to form a chain of control.
2. To strengthen the management of storage. A storekeeper on the storage of materials in an orderly manner categories, placed neatly on a regular basis and inspection, finishing in a timely manner. This would overcome the public's confusion in the management of stocks, raw materials to eliminate lag time deposit deterioration, loss of theft, had embezzled his and other undesirable phenomena occur, to ensure that corporate cost control, and at the same time establish and improve relevant rules and regulations, such as goods signs, security, fire prevention , And public health, and effective control.
Fourth, strengthen the management of supply distribution
1. Issuing vouchers. Expected to receive one-on accurate records to the Treasury Department to release the number of material handling and leadership signed the document, the strict implementation of the voucher expected to receive will help put an end to no one expected to get under-reporting of multi-collar, and control of treasury stock shortages, but also conducive to Accounting departments of the cost of production, control the type and quantity of raw materials, workshops and departments to reduce the backlog of waste. At the same time expected to receive a single financial report in a timely manner, in favor of financial accounting and oversight. At the same time, expected to lead to the use of clearly marked, so as to the accuracy of financial accounting, cost the correct assessment.
2. Strictly control the replacement material. One batch to specify in detail the reasons by the competent leadership signed the document. Due to the use of materials such as man-made improper operation caused by the batch, others should be held responsible, not fraud.
3. Orders for the production of single-end analysis. Should be done one month on a regular basis, to be completed in a single Ministry of Finance, production control, product management and other related departments. Production orders, the actual number of qualified storage products, such as the number of substandard goods in a clear one by one, to improve the rate of input-output analysis in a timely manner to provide a first-hand information.
Fifth, strengthen the management of the Treasury finished
1. Establish a strict system of storage products. Strengthening the system of storage of finished products to ensure that the company can generate revenue. Cost control is important, but if not full enterprise storage products, the business plan is expected revenue will come to nothing, cost control, efficiency can not be achieved. The link to relax, it is possible that some people within and outside the collusion, drilling system loopholes, the company capital, loss of profits. Many companies spend money on the ERP and other logistics control system, as long as the system according to the requirements of the operation, strict and orderly, will be able to achieve our goals.
2. Stringent delivery system. Shipping, we must carefully check shipments of a single species, specifications, quantities, so that they match. Must have a signature delivery, reduce inventory and accounts in a timely manner. White, no arrears are shipped, and offenders fined.
3. Inventory on a regular basis. The inventory of raw materials and procedures for the same warehouse. In case of shortage of goods, should be held immediately and an additional reason for the responsibility.
Key words: Procurement Management Inventory Management
With the size of the company's internal controls and expand the demand for the company's financial control Gengjinyiceng has penetrated into every corner of the company, and in practical work to achieve certain degree of success. In the company's financial control, material management has become very prominent. I combine the study of laws and regulations and practical work experience, for control of the logistics issues to talk about the point of view:
First,to strengthen the work of the Finance
1. To have a comprehensive financial management and hands-on experience in charge of this work. He and the practice of reform ideas to a large extent on financial management on behalf of the company's direction. At the same time, to give the others the terms of reference in order to work.
2. Accounting department accounting staff to clear division of labor, the establishment of system of personal responsibility so that everyone can be a lot of pressure, control was everything. At the same time, of course, should establish an incentive mechanism so that it can improve long-term initiative, each of the accounting staff to play a good style of professional ethics.
3. Accountants to be under the jurisdiction of the accounts, accounts, account-line, quantitative and qualitative and timely reporting of financial statements, true to the legitimate provision of financial data.
Second,to strengthen the management of the procurement
1. Materiel procurement plans and the establishment of examination and approval system. 公 In the master plan on the basis of specific supply procurement plan. Concrete materials procurement, should be strictly in accordance with the "first application for approval and then buy" principle. No declaration of the examination and approval procedures, storage is not acceptance, non-financial reporting, all economic bear. "Execution before" approach to phase out in the end. Otherwise, the "exceptional" repeated the thing.
2. To enhance the quality of procurement management. For the company's product quality and stability, we must use quality raw materials. Managers to deal with the raw materials used in accordance with the requirements of the company's product quality standard specifications for the procurement and distribution buyers, suppliers, warehouse management and inspection personnel. If the buyer of goods into the sub-standard quality of procurement specifications put forward by the quality of materials, storage can refuse acceptance of suppliers of goods and to be returned, economic self-responsibility, or discount prices.
3. Purchase price control. The prices of raw materials directly affect the level of direct costs and benefits should shop around to do. In determining supply and prices before the market carried out an extensive investigation in order to achieve a fair, open, shelf-life, low-cost. In addition, regardless of the size of the value of procurement, first of all must be obtained from the concept of value-added tax invoices. Obtained from the value-added tax invoices to cut costs is one aspect.
Third, strengthen inspection of goods and materials, storage management
1. Establish a strict verification system. The procurement of goods by category, specification, supply unit, and the number of damaged storage for the pre-inspection, and material number is expected to issue a single admission procedures for storage, control is essential to strengthen the material. Although the procedures are very complicated and can not be reduced and the light. Members of acceptance in accordance with certain procedures for inspection, after passing the acceptance in the relevant bills to stamp Chapter acceptance by the buyer and quality inspector, member of acceptance to sign the bill as well as the executives agreed to pay the amount of signatures to form a chain of control.
2. To strengthen the management of storage. A storekeeper on the storage of materials in an orderly manner categories, placed neatly on a regular basis and inspection, finishing in a timely manner. This would overcome the public's confusion in the management of stocks, raw materials to eliminate lag time deposit deterioration, loss of theft, had embezzled his and other undesirable phenomena occur, to ensure that corporate cost control, and at the same time establish and improve relevant rules and regulations, such as goods signs, security, fire prevention , And public health, and effective control.
Fourth, strengthen the management of supply distribution
1. Issuing vouchers. Expected to receive one-on accurate records to the Treasury Department to release the number of material handling and leadership signed the document, the strict implementation of the voucher expected to receive will help put an end to no one expected to get under-reporting of multi-collar, and control of treasury stock shortages, but also conducive to Accounting departments of the cost of production, control the type and quantity of raw materials, workshops and departments to reduce the backlog of waste. At the same time expected to receive a single financial report in a timely manner, in favor of financial accounting and oversight. At the same time, expected to lead to the use of clearly marked, so as to the accuracy of financial accounting, cost the correct assessment.
2. Strictly control the replacement material. One batch to specify in detail the reasons by the competent leadership signed the document. Due to the use of materials such as man-made improper operation caused by the batch, others should be held responsible, not fraud.
3. Orders for the production of single-end analysis. Should be done one month on a regular basis, to be completed in a single Ministry of Finance, production control, product management and other related departments. Production orders, the actual number of qualified storage products, such as the number of substandard goods in a clear one by one, to improve the rate of input-output analysis in a timely manner to provide a first-hand information.
Fifth, strengthen the management of the Treasury finished
1. Establish a strict system of storage products. Strengthening the system of storage of finished products to ensure that the company can generate revenue. Cost control is important, but if not full enterprise storage products, the business plan is expected revenue will come to nothing, cost control, efficiency can not be achieved. The link to relax, it is possible that some people within and outside the collusion, drilling system loopholes, the company capital, loss of profits. Many companies spend money on the ERP and other logistics control system, as long as the system according to the requirements of the operation, strict and orderly, will be able to achieve our goals.
2. Stringent delivery system. Shipping, we must carefully check shipments of a single species, specifications, quantities, so that they match. Must have a signature delivery, reduce inventory and accounts in a timely manner. White, no arrears are shipped, and offenders fined.
3. Inventory on a regular basis. The inventory of raw materials and procedures for the same warehouse. In case of shortage of goods, should be held immediately and an additional reason for the responsibility.
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